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"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Mindfulness meditation is a two and a half millennia old Buddhist spiritual practice that focuses on the development of introspective consciousness.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ESince the late 1950s Western physicians, psychologists, and health researchers have been studying the psychophysiological effects of various types of meditation, resulting in several literature reviews (Barrows \u0026amp; Jacobs, 2002; Banadonna, 2003; Murphy \u0026amp; Donovan, 1999; D.H. Shapiro \u0026amp; Walsh, 1983). The most widely known and researched techniques are Transcendental Meditation (TM) (Orme Johnson \u0026amp; Farrow, 1977) and Benson’s (1975) relaxation response method.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EOf particular relevance is the Buddhist practice known as \u003Cb\u003Emindfulness meditation\u003C\/b\u003E (Skt,smirti; Pali, sati) and its more advanced derivative, \u003Cb\u003Einsight meditation (vipassana)\u003C\/b\u003E.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMindfulness \u003C\/b\u003Ecomes from the Pali word sati and the Sanskrit word smirti, which connotes awareness, attention, and remembering. The background and foreground of consciousness are, respectively, awareness and attention. Awareness provides global scanning and continuous monitoring of experience, while attention heightens sensitivity towards a restricted amount of experience, allowing for a deepening of one’s focus and investigation. The term remembering is also pivotal, given the fact that mindfulness is the continued intention to remain present, and to volitionally refrain from mental engagement that disrupts the unity of awareness and attention (Gremer, Ronald, \u0026amp; Fulton, 2005).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMindfulness\u003C\/b\u003E has been variously defined as “paying attention in a particular way: on purpose, in the present moment, and nonjudgmentally” (Kabat-Zinn, 1994, p. 4); as “bringing one’s complete attention to the present experience on a moment to moment basis” (Marlatt \u0026amp; Kristeller, 1999, p. 68); and, simply as “attentional control”(Teasdale, Segal, \u0026amp; Williams, 1995, p. 54).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EA more psychologically oriented description defines \u003Cb\u003Emindfulness\u003C\/b\u003E as a “limber state of mind” (Langer, 1989, p. 70); and as a cognitive process that employs the creation of new categories, openness to new information, and awareness of more than one perspective. According to Hirst (2003), “being mindful requires the person to attend, to be consciously aware of, the emergent nature of phenomena in consciousness, and to recognize the nature of attachments made to these phenomena as they occur” (p. 360).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"https:\/\/fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net\/hphotos-ak-ash4\/252346_155248101321186_1316748071_n.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"640\" src=\"https:\/\/fbcdn-sphotos-e-a.akamaihd.net\/hphotos-ak-ash4\/252346_155248101321186_1316748071_n.jpg\" width=\"456\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cb\u003EMindfulness\u003C\/b\u003E is more than a cognitive, perceptual function; it is “awareness of present experience with acceptance” (Gremer et al., 2005, p.7). Kabat-Zinn (1990) and Shapiro, Schwartz, and Bonner (1998) list 12 qualities or attitudes that support the practice of mindfulness, including nonjudging, nonstriving, acceptance, patience, trust, openness, letting go, gentleness, generosity, understanding, gratitude, and loving kindness. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EVietnamese Buddhist meditation master Nat Hanh (1976) defines mindfulness as, “keeping one’s consciousness alive to the present reality” (p. 11); while the German Buddhist monk and scholar Nyanaponika (1972)describes it as “the clear and single minded awareness of what actually happens to us and in us at the successive moments of perception” (p. 5).\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe Sri Lankan monk, Gunaratana (1991), provides a more esoteric explanation, stating that mindfulness cannot be fully captured in words, because it is subtle, nonverbal, beyond conception, and must ultimately be experienced. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EBibliography:\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EBanadonna, R. (2003). Meditation's impact on chronic illness. Holistic Nurse Practitioner, 17, 309-319.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EBarrows, K., \u0026amp; Jacobs, B. (2002). Mind-body medicine. An introduction and review of the literature. Medical Clinics of North America, 86 (1), 11-31.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EGremer, C., Ronald, S., \u0026amp; Fulton, P. (Eds.). (2005). Mindfulness and psychotherapy. New York: Guilford Press.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EGunaratana, H. (1991). Mindfulness in plain English. Boston: Wisdom.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EHirst, I. S. (2003). Perspectives on mindfulness. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 10, 359-366.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EKabat-Zinn, J.(1990). Full catastrophe living: Using the wisdom books of your body and mind to face stress, pain, and\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003Eillness. New York: Delta Books.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EKabat-Zinn, J.(1994). Wherever you go, there you are: Mindfulness meditation in everyday life . New York: Hyperion Books.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003ELanger, E. (1989). Mindfulness. Cambridge, MA: Da Copa Press.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EMarlatt, G., \u0026amp; Kristeller , J. (1999). Mindfulness and meditation. In W. R. Miller (Ed.), Integrating spirituality into treatment (pp. 67-84). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EMurphy, M., \u0026amp; Donovan, S. (1999). The physical and psychological effects of meditation. Sausalito, CA: Institute of Noetic Sciences.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003ENhat Han, T. (1976). The miracle of mindfulness. Boston: Beacon Press.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003ENyanaponika T. (1965). The heart of Buddhist meditation. York Beach, ME:Red Wheel\/Weiser.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EShapiro, D. H., \u0026amp; Walsh, R. (1984). Meditation: Classic and contemporary perspectives . New York: Aldine. \u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EShapiro, S. L., Schwartz, G. E., \u0026amp; Bonner, G. (1998). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on medical and premedical students. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 21, 581-599.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003ETeasdale, J. D., Segal, Z. V., \u0026amp; Williams, M. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) help? Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25-29.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/3765950914729203009\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/what-is-mindfulness-meditation.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/3765950914729203009"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/3765950914729203009"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/what-is-mindfulness-meditation.html","title":"What is Mindfulness Meditation? "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-1362415745146140518"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-25T10:24:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-29T07:24:28.142-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mindfulness-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Mindfulness May Improve Test Scores"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"A recent study finds that a meditation practice improved Graduate Record Exam scores. Christie Nicholson reports\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThere’s a meditation practice called “mindfulness” that is about actively focusing on the present moment and increasing one’s attention span.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003ERecently scientists analyzed whether such a practice could help improve undergrads’ test scores in the Graduate Record Exams, the GREs. The idea is that if we limit mind wandering, our ability to focus improves, and so will our cognitive ability. [The paper is published in the journal \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.psychologicalscience.org\/index.php\/publications\/journals\/psychological_science\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EPsychological Science\u003C\/a\u003E.]\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe researchers had 24 undergrads attend a mindfulness course and another 24 go to a nutrition class. Each 45-minute class met eight times over two weeks. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-C_rAzUypUYM\/UaDzx2ZvxVI\/AAAAAAAABdI\/KLtcU4KqkBQ\/s1600\/mindfulnesstesting.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"426\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-C_rAzUypUYM\/UaDzx2ZvxVI\/AAAAAAAABdI\/KLtcU4KqkBQ\/s640\/mindfulnesstesting.jpg\" width=\"640\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EThe mindfulness class taught students physical and mental strategies they can use to improve their ability to focus on the task at hand, and ignore interrupting thoughts. The nutrition class covered strategies for healthy eating.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe students took a working memory test as well as the verbal reasoning section of the GRE before and after the two-week courses.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe results? Students who received the mindfulness training saw much greater improvement in working memory and their GRE scores than those who took the nutrition class. Mindfulness training was associated with a 16-percentile boost in GRE scores, on average. No word on whether the nutrition class attendees are eating better.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/1362415745146140518\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/mindfulness-may-improve-test-scores.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/1362415745146140518"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/1362415745146140518"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/mindfulness-may-improve-test-scores.html","title":"Mindfulness May Improve Test Scores"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-C_rAzUypUYM\/UaDzx2ZvxVI\/AAAAAAAABdI\/KLtcU4KqkBQ\/s72-c\/mindfulnesstesting.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-8922890296266581340"},"published":{"$t":"2012-10-29T11:40:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-25T11:43:10.794-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"mindfulness-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"More Than Good Vibes: Researchers Propose the Science Behind Mindfulness"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cspan style=\"color: #0b5394;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;\"\u003EAchieving mindfulness through meditation has helped people maintain a healthy mind by quelling negative emotions and thoughts, such as desire, anger and anxiety, and encouraging more positive dispositions such as compassion, empathy and forgiveness. Those who have reaped the benefits of mindfulness know that it works. But how\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cem style=\"background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;\"\u003Eexactly\u003C\/em\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; line-height: 19px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;does it work?\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResearchers at Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) have proposed a new model that shifts how we think about mindfulness. Rather than describing mindfulness as a single dimension of cognition, the researchers demonstrate that mindfulness actually involves a broad framework of complex mechanisms in the brain.\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn essence, they have laid out the science behind mindfulness.\u003Cbr \/\u003EThis new model of mindfulness is published in the October 25, 2012 issue of Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. The model was recently presented to His Holiness The Dalai Lama in a private meeting, entitled \"Mind and Life XXIV: Latest Findings in Contemplative Neuroscience.\"\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-kEBBWFepwII\/UaEGJztSMbI\/AAAAAAAABdY\/zcyMR5C69pw\/s1600\/images-mindful.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" src=\"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-kEBBWFepwII\/UaEGJztSMbI\/AAAAAAAABdY\/zcyMR5C69pw\/s1600\/images-mindful.jpg\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe researchers identified several cognitive functions that are active in the brain during mindfulness practice. These cognitive functions help a person develop self-awareness, self-regulation, and self-transcendence (S-ART) which make up the transformative framework for the mindfulness process.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe S-ART framework explains the underlying neurobiological mechanisms by which mindfulness can facilitate self-awareness; reduce biases and negative thoughts; enhance the ability to regulate one's behavior; and increase positive, pro-social relationships with oneself and others-all-in-all creating a sustainable healthy mind.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe researchers highlight six neuropsychological processes that are active mechanisms in the brain during mindfulness and which support S-ART. These processes include 1) intention and motivation, 2) attention regulation, 3) emotion regulation, 4) extinction and reconsolidation, 5) pro-social behavior, and 6) non-attachment and de-centering.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EIn other words, these processes begin with an intention and motivation to want to attain mindfulness, followed by an awareness of one's bad habits. Once these are set, a person can begin taming him or herself to be less emotionally reactive and to recover faster from upsetting emotions.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\"Through continued practice, the person can develop a psychological distance from any negative thoughts and can inhibit natural impulses that constantly fuel bad habits,\" said David Vago, PhD, BWH Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, and lead study author.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EVago also states that continued practice can also increase empathy and eliminate our attachments to things we like and aversions to things we don't like.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\"The result of practice is a new You with a new multidimensional skill set for reducing biases in one's internal and external experience and sustaining a healthy mind,\" said Vago.\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe S-ART framework and neurobiological model proposed by the researchers differs from current popular descriptions of mindfulness as a way of paying attention, in the present moment, non-judgmentally. With the help of functional MRI, Vago and his team are currently testing the model in humans.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #073763; font-size: x-small;\"\u003EThis research was supported by the Mind and Life Institute, Impact Foundation, and the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine at the National Institutes of Health (5-R21AT002209-02).\u003C\/span\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/8922890296266581340\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2012\/10\/more-than-good-vibes-researchers.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/8922890296266581340"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/8922890296266581340"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2012\/10\/more-than-good-vibes-researchers.html","title":"More Than Good Vibes: Researchers Propose the Science Behind Mindfulness"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-kEBBWFepwII\/UaEGJztSMbI\/AAAAAAAABdY\/zcyMR5C69pw\/s72-c\/images-mindful.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});