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Guglietti\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff1\" id=\"baff1\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: a\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Zafiris J.\" data-ln=\"Daskalakis\" data-pos=\"2\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#\" id=\"authname_N6ba4fba0N25247e48\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EZafiris J. Daskalakis\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff2\" id=\"baff2\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: b\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Natasha\" data-ln=\"Radhu\" data-pos=\"3\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#\" id=\"authname_N6ba4fba0N25247efc\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ENatasha Radhu\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff2\" id=\"baff2\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: b\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Paul B.\" data-ln=\"Fitzgerald\" data-pos=\"4\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#\" id=\"authname_N6ba4fba0N25247fb0\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EPaul B. Fitzgerald\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff3\" id=\"baff3\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: c\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Paul\" data-ln=\"Ritvo\" data-pos=\"5\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#\" id=\"authname_N6ba4fba0N25248064\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EPaul Ritvo\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff1\" id=\"baff1\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: a\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#aff4\" id=\"baff4\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: d\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ed\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_corr\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532#cor1\" id=\"bcor1\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Corresponding author contact information\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Corresponding author contact information\" class=\"imgLazyJSB\" data-inlimg=\"\/entities\/REcor.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" src=\"http:\/\/cdn.els-cdn.com\/sd\/entities\/REcor.gif\" style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca href=\"mailto:pritvo@yorku.ca\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"E-mail the corresponding author\" class=\"imgLazyJSB\" data-inlimg=\"\/entities\/REemail.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" src=\"http:\/\/cdn.els-cdn.com\/sd\/entities\/REemail.gif\" style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\"affiliation\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #5c5c5c; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli id=\"aff1\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EYork University, Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Toronto, Ontario, Canada\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"aff2\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECentre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"aff3\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EMonash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, The Alfred and Monash University Central Clinical School, Commercial Rd. Melbourne, Victoria, Australia\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"aff4\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ed\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003EMeditation-Related Increases in GABA\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E(B)\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;Modulated Cortical Inhibition\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EAbstract\u003Cbr \/\u003EBackground\u003Cbr \/\u003ERecent reports suggest meditation practice improves attentional performance and emotional regulation. The process of meditation apparently increases activation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and stimulates the reticular nucleus of the thalamus, implicating the production and delivery of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). GABAergic inhibitory interneurons have a central role in cortical inhibition (CI), modulating cortical excitability and neural plasticity.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EObjective\/hypothesis\u003Cbr \/\u003EChanges in CI, after completion of a single meditation session, were investigated and compared to a non-meditating control activity.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EMethods\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-voRJ4VOuMEw\/UY0gUkC771I\/AAAAAAAABcw\/LoU8acNHTwI\/s1600\/1-s2.0-S1935861X12001532-gr1.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"259\" src=\"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-voRJ4VOuMEw\/UY0gUkC771I\/AAAAAAAABcw\/LoU8acNHTwI\/s320\/1-s2.0-S1935861X12001532-gr1.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003ETranscranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a non-invasive method of examining CI, was used to evaluate changes before and after a 60 min meditation session. Seventy right-handed healthy subjects (n = 35 meditators, n = 35 non-meditators) were assessed using TMS related measures of cortical silent period (CSP) and short intra cortical inhibition (SICI), with stimulation of the motor cortex coordinated with EMG recording of peripheral hand muscles.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EResults\u003Cbr \/\u003EFor the meditators, CSP and SICI were measured before and after meditation sessions while age–sex matched healthy control subjects were identically assessed after a non-meditating activity (television watching). \u003Cb\u003EThe meditators showed a statistically significant increase in CSP after meditation compared to non-meditators after an equivalent period of television watching (P = 0.02) while no significant between-group differences were observed in the SICI.\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EConclusion\u003Cbr \/\u003EThese findings indicate meditation processes are linked to GABAergic cortical inhibition, a mechanism previously implicated in improved cognitive performance and enhanced emotional regulation.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EKeywords\u003Cbr \/\u003EMeditation; Cortical silent period (CSP); Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS); Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA); Short intra cortical inhibition (SICI); Motor cortex\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1935861X12001532\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFull article\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/8484785065582901623\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/meditation-related-increases-in-gabab.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/8484785065582901623"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/8484785065582901623"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/meditation-related-increases-in-gabab.html","title":"Meditation-Related Increases in GABA(B) Modulated Cortical Inhibition"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/4.bp.blogspot.com\/-voRJ4VOuMEw\/UY0gUkC771I\/AAAAAAAABcw\/LoU8acNHTwI\/s72-c\/1-s2.0-S1935861X12001532-gr1.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-1020187608519321927"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T07:51:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T07:52:57.865-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices and perceived depth of meditation\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cul class=\"authorGroup noCollab\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #2e2e2e; display: inline; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Danny J.J.\" data-ln=\"Wang\" data-pos=\"1\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5bd8\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #5c5c5c; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDanny J.J. Wang\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0005\" id=\"baf0005\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: a\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Hengyi\" data-ln=\"Rao\" data-pos=\"2\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5c68\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EHengyi Rao\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0010\" id=\"baf0010\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: b\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0015\" id=\"baf0015\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: c\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Marc\" data-ln=\"Korczykowski\" data-pos=\"3\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5cf8\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EMarc Korczykowski\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0010\" id=\"baf0010\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: b\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0015\" id=\"baf0015\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: c\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Nancy\" data-ln=\"Wintering\" data-pos=\"4\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5d88\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ENancy Wintering\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0020\" id=\"baf0020\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: d\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ed\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"John\" data-ln=\"Pluta\" data-pos=\"5\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5e18\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EJohn Pluta\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0010\" id=\"baf0010\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: b\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0025\" id=\"baf0025\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: e\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ee\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Dharma Singh\" data-ln=\"Khalsa\" data-pos=\"6\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5ea8\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDharma Singh Khalsa\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0030\" id=\"baf0030\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: f\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ef\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca class=\"authorName\" data-fn=\"Andrew B.\" data-ln=\"Newberg\" data-pos=\"7\" data-t=\"a\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#\" id=\"authname_N3df8a9c0N5a8c5f38\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAndrew B. Newberg\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_aff\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#af0035\" id=\"baf0035\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Affiliation: g\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eg\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca class=\"intra_ref auth_corr\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227#cr0005\" id=\"bcr0005\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" title=\"Corresponding author contact information\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"Corresponding author contact information\" class=\"imgLazyJSB\" data-inlimg=\"\/entities\/REcor.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" src=\"http:\/\/cdn.els-cdn.com\/sd\/entities\/REcor.gif\" style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Ca href=\"mailto:andrew.newberg@uphs.upenn.edu\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #316c9d; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"E-mail the corresponding author\" class=\"imgLazyJSB\" data-inlimg=\"\/entities\/REemail.gif\" data-loaded=\"true\" src=\"http:\/\/cdn.els-cdn.com\/sd\/entities\/REemail.gif\" style=\"border: 0px; display: inline; font-size: 13px; margin: 0px; max-width: 600px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cul class=\"affiliation\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #5c5c5c; font-family: 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Arial Unicode', Arial, 'URW Gothic L', Helvetica, Tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 0.8em; line-height: 20px; list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 6px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0005\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ea\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAlmanson–Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0010\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eb\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDepartment of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0015\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ec\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECenter for Functional Neuroimaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0020\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ed\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDepartment of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0025\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ee\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDepartment of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0030\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Ef\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAlzheimer’s Research and Prevention Foundation, Tucson, AZ, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0035\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;\"\u003Eg\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan id=\"\" style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EMyrna Brind Center of Integrative Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\"af0035\" style=\"border: 0px; display: block; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: right;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EAbstract\u003C\/b\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-CMMSqEYYc1g\/UY0JSYXEf1I\/AAAAAAAABcg\/uDh5roL6TE0\/s1600\/1-s2.0-S0925492710003227-gr2.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"174\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-CMMSqEYYc1g\/UY0JSYXEf1I\/AAAAAAAABcg\/uDh5roL6TE0\/s320\/1-s2.0-S0925492710003227-gr2.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EOur goal in this study was to advance the understanding of the neural pathways of meditation by addressing the cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses associated with two different meditation practices performed by the same individuals and how such changes related to the “stress” circuits in the brain. Ten experienced meditators performed two types of meditation, a “focused-based” practice and a “breath-based” practice. Subjects were scanned using perfusion functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a baseline state, both meditation states, and a post meditation baseline state. Using general linear model, we found that the frontal regions, anterior cingulate, limbic system and parietal lobes were affected during meditation and that there were different patterns of CBF between the two meditation states. We observed strong correlations between depth of meditation and neural activity in the left inferior forebrain areas including the insula, inferior frontal cortex, and temporal pole. There were persistent changes in the left anterior insula and the precentral gyrus even after meditation was stopped. This study revealed changes in the brain during two different meditation practices in the same individuals and that these changes correlated with the subjective experiences of the practitioners.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EKeywords\u003Cbr \/\u003EMeditation; fMRI; Cerebral blood flow; Frontal lobe; Stress; Arterial spin labeling (ASL)\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0925492710003227\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: x-small;\"\u003EFull article\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/1020187608519321927\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/cerebral-blood-flow-changes-associated.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/1020187608519321927"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/1020187608519321927"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/cerebral-blood-flow-changes-associated.html","title":"Cerebral blood flow changes associated with different meditation practices"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-CMMSqEYYc1g\/UY0JSYXEf1I\/AAAAAAAABcg\/uDh5roL6TE0\/s72-c\/1-s2.0-S0925492710003227-gr2.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-2922782847007201905"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T07:34:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T07:39:11.719-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #1b79b3; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAmit Sood, MD\u003Csup style=\"color: #707173; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003EDavid T. Jones, MD\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; vertical-align: super;\"\u003E2\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\"notes\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wdLgwgsl0FU\/UY0Ep9IS2YI\/AAAAAAAABcU\/3xw30Aa7hH0\/s1600\/mind-wander.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"150\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wdLgwgsl0FU\/UY0Ep9IS2YI\/AAAAAAAABcU\/3xw30Aa7hH0\/s200\/mind-wander.png\" width=\"200\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-family: Lucida Grande, Trebuchet MS, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 15.994318008422852px;\"\u003E1 Complementary and Integrative Medicine Program, Mayo Clinic,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-family: Lucida Grande, Trebuchet MS, Arial, sans-serif;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 11.818181991577148px; line-height: 15.994318008422852px;\"\u003ERochester, MN\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px;\"\u003E2 Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003EHuman attention selectively focuses on aspects of experience that are threatening, pleasant, or novel. The physical threats of the ancient times have largely been replaced by chronic psychological worries and hurts. The mind gets drawn to these worries and hurts, mostly in the domain of the past and future, leading to mind wandering. In the brain, a network of neurons called the default mode network has been associated with mind wandering. Abnormal activity in the default mode network may predispose to depression, anxiety, attention deficit, and posttraumatic stress disorder. \u003Cb\u003ESeveral studies show that meditation can reverse some of these abnormalities\u003C\/b\u003E, producing salutary functional and structural changes in the brain. This narrative review presents a mechanistic understanding of meditation in the context of recent advances in neurosciences about mind wandering, attention, and the brain networks.\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\"notes\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 00px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"background-color: transparent;\"\u003EKey words: Meditation, mind wandering, default network, attention\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1550830713000487\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EFull article\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/2922782847007201905\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/on-mind-wandering-attention-brain.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/2922782847007201905"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/2922782847007201905"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/on-mind-wandering-attention-brain.html","title":"On mind wandering, attention, brain networks, and meditation"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wdLgwgsl0FU\/UY0Ep9IS2YI\/AAAAAAAABcU\/3xw30Aa7hH0\/s72-c\/mind-wander.png","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-75682863793719997"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T06:39:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T06:39:49.883-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of "},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"authors\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=CatherineKerr\u0026amp;UID=42439\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #1b79b3; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECatherine E. Kerr\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E*,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=MatthewSacchet\u0026amp;UID=50167\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EMatthew D. Sacchet\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E2,3\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=SaraLazar\u0026amp;UID=44127\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ESara W. Lazar\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E,\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=ChristopherMoore_3\u0026amp;UID=44358\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EChristopher I. Moore\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/StephanieJones_2\/78544\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EStephanie R. Jones\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E4,5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\"notes\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Family Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ENeurosciences Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EAthinoula A. Martinos Center For Biomedical Imaging, Mass General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-jHQqyz_ooTk\/UYz4kM2_x_I\/AAAAAAAABcA\/NSByjVbLYys\/s1600\/fnhum-07-00012-g003.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"320\" src=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-jHQqyz_ooTk\/UYz4kM2_x_I\/AAAAAAAABcA\/NSByjVbLYys\/s320\/fnhum-07-00012-g003.jpg\" width=\"183\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003EUsing a common set of mindfulness exercises, mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness based cognitive therapy (MBCT) have been shown to reduce distress in chronic pain and decrease risk of depression relapse. These standardized mindfulness (ST-Mindfulness) practices predominantly require attending to breath and body sensations. Here, we offer a novel view of ST-Mindfulness's somatic focus as a form of training for optimizing attentional modulation of 7–14 Hz alpha rhythms that play a key role in filtering inputs to primary sensory neocortex and organizing the flow of sensory information in the brain. In support of the framework, we describe our previous finding that ST-Mindfulness enhanced attentional regulation of alpha in primary somatosensory cortex (SI). The framework allows us to make several predictions. In chronic pain, we predict somatic attention in ST-Mindfulness “de-biases” alpha in SI, freeing up pain-focused attentional resources. In depression relapse, we predict ST-Mindfulness's somatic attention competes with internally focused rumination, as internally focused cognitive processes (including working memory) rely on alpha filtering of sensory input. Our computational model predicts ST-Mindfulness enhances top-down modulation of alpha by facilitating precise alterations in timing and efficacy of SI thalamocortical inputs. We conclude by considering how the framework aligns with Buddhist teachings that mindfulness starts with “mindfulness of the body.” Translating this theory into neurophysiology, we hypothesize that with its somatic focus, mindfulness' top-down alpha rhythm modulation in SI enhances gain control which, in turn, sensitizes practitioners to better detect and regulate when the mind wanders from its somatic focus. This enhanced regulation of somatic mind-wandering may be an important early stage of mindfulness training that leads to enhanced cognitive regulation and metacognition.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EKeywords:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;alpha rhythm, attention, chronic pain, depression relapse, mindfulness meditation, somatosensory cortex, thalamocortical loop\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003Eoriginal:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Human_Neuroscience\/10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00012\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EKerr CE, Sacchet MD, Lazar SW, Moore CI and Jones SR (2013) Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of cortical alpha rhythms in mindfulness meditation.\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003EFront. Hum. Neurosci\u003C\/i\u003E.\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003E7\u003C\/b\u003E:12. doi: 10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00012\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"timestamps\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EReceived:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 March 2012;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAccepted:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;11 January 2013;\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EPublished online:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;13 February 2013.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 110px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; float: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; left: 0pt; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 110px;\"\u003EEdited by:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=AmishiJha\u0026amp;UID=2862\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAmishi P. Jha\u003C\/a\u003E, University of Miami, USA\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 110px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; float: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; left: 0pt; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 110px;\"\u003EReviewed by:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=StephenWhitmarsh\u0026amp;UID=30512\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EStephen Whitmarsh\u003C\/a\u003E, Radboud University Nijmegen, Netherlands\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=PhilippeGoldin\u0026amp;UID=37749\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EPhilippe Goldin\u003C\/a\u003E, Stanford University, USA\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECopyright\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;© 2013 Kerr, Sacchet, Lazar, Moore and Jones. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ECreative Commons Attribution License\u003C\/a\u003E, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E*Correspondence:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;Catherine E. Kerr, Department of Family Medicine, Alpert School of Medicine, Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI 02903, USA. e-mail: catherine_kerr@brown.edu\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/75682863793719997\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/mindfulness-starts-with-body.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/75682863793719997"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/75682863793719997"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/mindfulness-starts-with-body.html","title":"Mindfulness starts with the body: somatosensory attention and top-down modulation of "}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/-jHQqyz_ooTk\/UYz4kM2_x_I\/AAAAAAAABcA\/NSByjVbLYys\/s72-c\/fnhum-07-00012-g003.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-6786342033140301290"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T06:33:00.000-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T06:33:05.050-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"authors\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=ManishSaggar\u0026amp;UID=21586\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #1b79b3; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EManish Saggar\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E1,2\u003C\/sup\u003E*,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=BrandonKing\u0026amp;UID=55816\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EBrandon G. King\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3,4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=AnthonyZanesco\u0026amp;UID=55629\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAnthony P. Zanesco\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3,4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/KatherineMacLean\/39631\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EKatherine A. MacLean\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/StephenAichele\/66339\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EStephen R. Aichele\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3,4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=TonyaJacobs\u0026amp;UID=19765\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ETonya L. Jacobs\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=DavidBridwell\u0026amp;UID=61582\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EDavid A. Bridwell\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E6\u003C\/sup\u003E, Phillip R. Shaver\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/ErikaRosenberg\/66333\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EErika L. Rosenberg\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/BaljinderSahdra\/66774\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EBaljinder K. Sahdra\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E7\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=EmilioFerrer\u0026amp;UID=742\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EEmilio Ferrer\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/AkayshaTang\/66334\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAkaysha C. Tang\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E8\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/GeorgeMangun\/590\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EGeorge R. Mangun\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3,4,9\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/BruceWallace\/66342\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EB. Alan Wallace\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E10\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=RistoMikkulainen\u0026amp;UID=5935\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ERisto Miikkulainen\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;and\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=CliffordSaron\u0026amp;UID=737\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EClifford D. Saron\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E4,11\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\"notes\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Computer Science, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ECenter for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E6\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EMind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E7\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ESchool of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E8\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E9\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Neurology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E10\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ESanta Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies, Santa Barbara, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E11\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EThe M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both; text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oeJTFoxBKoc\/UYz27vqDqZI\/AAAAAAAABb0\/g4qg5iEroMc\/s1600\/fnhum-06-00256-g003.jpg\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"214\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oeJTFoxBKoc\/UYz27vqDqZI\/AAAAAAAABb0\/g4qg5iEroMc\/s320\/fnhum-06-00256-g003.jpg\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EThe capacity to focus one's attention for an extended period of time can be increased through training in contemplative practices. However, the cognitive processes engaged during meditation that support trait changes in cognition are not well characterized. We conducted a longitudinal wait-list controlled study of intensive meditation training. Retreat participants practiced focused attention (FA) meditation techniques for three months during an initial retreat. Wait-list participants later undertook formally identical training during a second retreat. Dense-array scalp-recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) data were collected during 6 min of mindfulness of breathing meditation at three assessment points during each retreat. Second-order blind source separation, along with a novel semi-automatic artifact removal tool (SMART), was used for data preprocessing. We observed replicable reductions in meditative state-related beta-band power bilaterally over anteriocentral and posterior scalp regions. In addition, individual alpha frequency (IAF) decreased across both retreats and in direct relation to the amount of meditative practice. These findings provide evidence for replicable longitudinal changes in brain oscillatory activity during meditation and increase our understanding of the cortical processes engaged during meditation that may support long-term improvements in cognition.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EKeywords:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;training, attention, meditation, beta, individual alpha frequency, EEG\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EOriginal:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Human_Neuroscience\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00256\/abstract\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ESaggar M, King BG, Zanesco AP, MacLean KA, Aichele SR, Jacobs TL, Bridwell DA, Shaver PR, Rosenberg EL, Sahdra BK, Ferrer E, Tang AC, Mangun GR, Wallace BA, Miikkulainen R and Saron CD (2012) Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation state-related EEG oscillatory activity.\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003EFront. Hum. Neurosci.\u003C\/i\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003E6\u003C\/b\u003E:256. doi: 10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00256\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\"timestamps\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EReceived:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;17 May 2012;\u0026nbsp;\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAccepted:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;23 August 2012;\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EPublished online:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;10 September 2012.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 110px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; float: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; left: 0pt; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 110px;\"\u003EEdited by:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=AmishiJha\u0026amp;UID=2862\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAmishi P. Jha\u003C\/a\u003E, University of Miami, USA\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px 0px 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 110px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; float: left; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; left: 0pt; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; vertical-align: baseline; width: 110px;\"\u003EReviewed by:\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=AdamSnyder\u0026amp;UID=29794\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EAdam C. Snyder\u003C\/a\u003E, University of Pittsburgh, USA\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=BaruchCahn\u0026amp;UID=51799\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EBaruch R. Cahn\u003C\/a\u003E, UC Irvine Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, USA\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECopyright\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;© 2012 Saggar, King, Zanesco, MacLean, Aichele, Jacobs, Bridwell, Shaver, Rosenberg, Sahdra, Ferrer, Tang, Mangun, Wallace, Miikkulainen and Saron. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECreative Commons Attribution License\u003C\/a\u003E, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in other forums, provided the original authors and source are credited and subject to any copyright notices concerning any third-party graphics etc.\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E*Correspondence:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;Manish Saggar, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. e-mail: manish.saggar@gmail.com\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/6786342033140301290\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/intensive-training-induces-longitudinal.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/6786342033140301290"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/6786342033140301290"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/intensive-training-induces-longitudinal.html","title":"Intensive training induces longitudinal changes in meditation"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-oeJTFoxBKoc\/UYz27vqDqZI\/AAAAAAAABb0\/g4qg5iEroMc\/s72-c\/fnhum-06-00256-g003.jpg","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-771603920081166199"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-10T05:54:00.001-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T06:13:44.347-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"\u003Cdiv class=\"JournalAbstract\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 100%;\"\u003E\u003Cb\u003EEffects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state\u003C\/b\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"authors\" style=\"border: 0px; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 18px; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=GaelleDesbordes\u0026amp;UID=16272\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EGaëlle Desbordes\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E1,2\u003C\/sup\u003E*, Lobsang T. Negi\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E, Thaddeus W. W. Pace\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/Community\/WhosWhoActivity.aspx?sname=BruceWallace\u0026amp;UID=66342\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EB. Alan Wallace\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E,\u0026nbsp;\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/community.frontiersin.org\/people\/CharlesRaison\/45516\" style=\"border: 0px; color: #707173; font-size: 18px; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECharles L. Raison\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E6\u003C\/sup\u003E\u0026nbsp;and Eric L. Schwartz\u003Csup style=\"font-size: 12px;\"\u003E2,7\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\"notes\" style=\"border: 0px; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 10px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E1\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EAthinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ECenter for Computational Neuroscience and Neural Technology, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E3\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Religion, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E4\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E5\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003ESanta Barbara Institute for Consciousness Studies, Santa Barbara, CA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E6\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Norton School of Family and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 10px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 10px 0px 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Csup style=\"margin-left: -20px; width: 20px;\"\u003E7\u003C\/sup\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli style=\"border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px; font-size: 12px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 20px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wMwRkHcFOMI\/UWvemBqe2pI\/AAAAAAAABAY\/kHBYeKXT4WU\/s640\/scanner.png\" imageanchor=\"1\" style=\"clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;\"\u003E\u003Cimg border=\"0\" height=\"116\" src=\"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wMwRkHcFOMI\/UWvemBqe2pI\/AAAAAAAABAY\/kHBYeKXT4WU\/s320\/scanner.png\" style=\"cursor: move;\" width=\"320\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003EThe amygdala has been repeatedly implicated in emotional processing of both positive and negative-valence stimuli. Previous studies suggest that the amygdala response to emotional stimuli is lower when the subject is in a meditative state of mindful-attention, both in beginner meditators after an 8-week meditation intervention and in expert meditators. However, the longitudinal effects of meditation training on amygdala responses have not been reported when participants are in an ordinary, non-meditative state. In this study, we investigated how 8 weeks of training in meditation affects amygdala responses to emotional stimuli in subjects when in a non-meditative state. Healthy adults with no prior meditation experience took part in 8 weeks of either Mindful Attention Training (MAT), Cognitively-Based Compassion Training (CBCT; a program based on Tibetan Buddhist compassion meditation practices), or an active control intervention. Before and after the intervention, participants underwent an fMRI experiment during which they were presented images with positive, negative, and neutral emotional valences from the IAPS database while remaining in an ordinary, non-meditative state. Using a region-of-interest analysis, we found a longitudinal decrease in right amygdala activation in the Mindful Attention group in response to positive images, and in response to images of all valences overall. In the CBCT group, we found a trend increase in right amygdala response to negative images, which was significantly correlated with a decrease in depression score. No effects or trends were observed in the control group. This finding suggests that the effects of meditation training on emotional processing might transfer to non-meditative states. This is consistent with the hypothesis that meditation training may induce learning that is not stimulus- or task-specific, but process-specific, and thereby may result in enduring changes in mental function.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"clear\" style=\"border: 0px; clear: both !important; font-size: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"thinLineM20\" style=\"background-color: white; border-bottom-color: rgb(112, 113, 115); border-bottom-style: solid; border-width: 0px 0px 1px; color: #707173; float: left; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Trebuchet, verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 1px; height: 1px; margin: 12px 0px 9px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 532px;\"\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"AbstractSummary\" style=\"background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #707173; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: 11px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 532px;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003EKeywords:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;meditation, mindfulness, attention, compassion, amygdala, emotion, fMRI\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003E\u003Cspan style=\"border: 0px; font-size: 12px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;\"\u003ECitation:\u003C\/span\u003E\u0026nbsp;Desbordes G, Negi LT, Pace TWW, Wallace BA, Raison CL and Schwartz EL (2012) Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala response to emotional stimuli in an ordinary, non-meditative state.\u0026nbsp;\u003Ci\u003EFront. Hum. Neurosci.\u003C\/i\u003E\u0026nbsp;\u003Cb\u003E6\u003C\/b\u003E:292. doi: \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/human_neuroscience\/10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00292\/abstract\"\u003E10.3389\/fnhum.2012.00292\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/771603920081166199\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/effects-of-mindful-attention-and.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/771603920081166199"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/771603920081166199"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/effects-of-mindful-attention-and.html","title":"Effects of mindful-attention and compassion meditation training on amygdala"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"media$thumbnail":{"xmlns$media":"http://search.yahoo.com/mrss/","url":"http:\/\/1.bp.blogspot.com\/-wMwRkHcFOMI\/UWvemBqe2pI\/AAAAAAAABAY\/kHBYeKXT4WU\/s72-c\/scanner.png","height":"72","width":"72"},"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}},{"id":{"$t":"tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6870291881467616887.post-146422940761709876"},"published":{"$t":"2013-05-08T09:34:00.003-07:00"},"updated":{"$t":"2013-05-10T05:47:02.420-07:00"},"category":[{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"Buddhism"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"dalai-lama"},{"scheme":"http://www.blogger.com/atom/ns#","term":"meditation-article"}],"title":{"type":"text","$t":"The Dalai Lama leaves for US visit"},"content":{"type":"html","$t":"DHARAMSHALA, May 6: Tibetan spiritual leader His Holiness the Dalai Lama left his exile hometown of Dharamshala, north India, for a fortnight’s visit of the United States of America on Sunday.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv style=\"text-align: center;\"\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"newsPhoto\" style=\"clear: both; float: left; margin: auto; padding-left: 0; padding: 5px; width: 260px;\"\u003E\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/phayul.com\/news\/article.aspx?id=33408\u0026amp;article=The+Dalai+Lama+leaves+for+US+visit#\" title=\"Click to enlarge\"\u003E\u003Cimg alt=\"His Holiness the Dalai Lama greeting students from Oxford and Cambridge before his talk hosted by the Global Scholars Symposium at the Cambridge Union in Cambridge, England on April 20, 2013. (Photo\/OHHDL?Jeremy Russell)\" src=\"http:\/\/phayul.com\/images\/thumb.aspx?src=130507020019K9.jpg\" style=\"border: 0;\" width=\"250\" \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\"newsPhotoCaption\" style=\"padding: 0px 5px 5px; width: 250px;\"\u003EHis Holiness the Dalai Lama greeting students from Oxford and Cambridge before his talk hosted by the Global Scholars Symposium at the Cambridge Union in Cambridge, England on April 20, 2013. (Photo\/OHHDL?Jeremy Russell)\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003EThe Dalai Lama has been invited by various universities, colleges, and organisation to interact with students and give a series of lectures, public talks, discussions, and teachings on topics ranging from compassion to global environment.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EThe 77-year-old Tibetan leader is scheduled to begin his public engagements in Madison with the ‘\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.umd.edu\/lecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EAnwar Sadat Lecture for Peace on Peace Through Compassion: Connecting a Multi-Faith World\u003C\/a\u003E’ organised by the University of Maryland on May 7. In the afternoon, the Dalai Lama will participate in ‘\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.roshan-institute.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EA Meeting of Two Oceans\u003C\/a\u003E: Dialogue on Sufism and Buddhism’ organised by the Roshan Institute of Persian Studies. Live webcast of the two events is available \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.umd.edu\/lecture\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Ehere\u003C\/a\u003E from 10:00am - 11:30am EDT and 1:30pm - 3:30pm EDT. \u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHis Holiness will then travel to Oregon State, where he is scheduled to take part in \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.dalailamaportland2013.net\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Evarious discussions and talks in Portland and Eugene\u003C\/a\u003E at the invitation of the University of Portland, Maitripa College, and the University of Oregon. On May 11, the Dalai Lama will take part in an environmental summit on ‘Universal Responsibility \u0026amp; the Global Environment,’ during which the popular American rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers will be performing for the Dalai Lama.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003EHis Holiness will then visit Wisconsin State and give \u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/www.deerparkcenter.org\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003Eteachings\u003C\/a\u003E on Je Tsongkhapa's ‘Praise to Dependent Origination (tendrel toepa)’ on May 14 in Madison followed by a panel discussion on ‘\u003Ca href=\"http:\/\/cmcw2013.wisc.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\"\u003EChange your Mind Change the World\u003C\/a\u003E’ at the University of Wisconsin-Madison the next day.\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Ca href=\"ttp:\/\/phayul.com\/news\/article.aspx?id=33408\u0026amp;article=The+Dalai+Lama+leaves+for+US+visit\" target=\"_blank\"\u003ERead more\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003Ca href=\"ttp:\/\/phayul.com\/news\/article.aspx?id=33408\u0026amp;article=The+Dalai+Lama+leaves+for+US+visit\" target=\"_blank\"\u003E\u003Cbr \/\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E"},"link":[{"rel":"replies","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/feeds\/146422940761709876\/comments\/default","title":"Post Comments"},{"rel":"replies","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/the-dalai-lama-leaves-for-us-visit.html#comment-form","title":"0 Comments"},{"rel":"edit","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/146422940761709876"},{"rel":"self","type":"application/atom+xml","href":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/feeds\/6870291881467616887\/posts\/default\/146422940761709876"},{"rel":"alternate","type":"text/html","href":"http:\/\/mindfulness-tv.spm-be.pt\/2013\/05\/the-dalai-lama-leaves-for-us-visit.html","title":"The Dalai Lama leaves for US visit"}],"author":[{"name":{"$t":"zen"},"uri":{"$t":"http:\/\/www.blogger.com\/profile\/08360255440447556508"},"email":{"$t":"noreply@blogger.com"},"gd$image":{"rel":"http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail","width":"16","height":"16","src":"http:\/\/img2.blogblog.com\/img\/b16-rounded.gif"}}],"thr$total":{"$t":"0"}}]}});